Trolling is on the increase in the UK, which has prompted an urgent desire to understand why people troll.  Recent findings from (Law Commission UK, 2018) suggests that one 1% of Internet users in the UK have been trolled online at least once over the past 12 months.  Several studies have attempted to construct a psychological profile of trolls who behave in this way purely to harm and disrupt the lives of others. What type of person would want to deliberately cause harm to fellow citizens? Well, if truth be told, although some do not see trolling as harmful as physical abuse, this perspective needs to change because consistent findings show in terms of impact there is no difference between these two forms of bullying.

What is trolling?

A troll is referred to as a person who intentionally attempts to instigate conflict, hostility, and is characterised by aggressive and deliberate provocation of others. In specific circumstances the intent of the trolling behaviour may even be to amuse and entertain. However, traditionally research explores trolling as a malevolent behaviour, which provides the opportunity for the troll to hurt their victims online.

Why is trolling a problem?

Trolling can cause extreme harm and distress to victims. It is associated with serious physical and psychological efforts, including lowered self-esteem, depression, disrupted sleep, self-harm, and in some cases, even suicide. Trolling is extremely common in the UK. One of the most useful estimates of prevalence of online trolling comes from the 2017 Ofcom report on Adults' Media use and attitudes. Two data sources have been used to inform the report: a survey of 1,846 adults aged 16 and over, and results from Ofcom’s Technology Tracker based on another survey of 3,743 adults aged 16 and over. According to the study, 1% of Internet users in the UK have been trolled online at least once over the past 12 months. This goes up to 5% for respondents aged 16-24. Looking beyond the UK, evidence suggests online trolling and related behaviour are becoming prevalent in other European countries also. Many more studies were identified estimating prevalence of cyberbullying in other countries than the UK or estimating prevalence without reference to specific geographies. Other studies report incidence rates of 31.4% for cyberbullying and 24.6 to 30.2% for cyber victimisation. If we can understand why people troll, this can inform management and prevention.

Researching trolls

Considering the frequency of these behaviours, scholars and practitioners are keen to understand who is most and least likely to engage in these harmful acts (LeBreton, Binning, & Adorno, 2006; Raskin & Hall, 1979). Two perspectives dominate this line of inquiry, with one stream of research seeking to understand which of the more traditional personality traits help explain who perpetrates online trolling by investigating its relationship with conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability, openness to experience, and extraversion (Gylfason, H. F., Sveinsdottir, A. H., Vésteinsdóttir, V., & Sigurvinsdottir, R. (2021). In the other stream, scholars have investigated the effects of more malevolent characteristics, exploring the relationship between digital bullying and Machiavellianism (Jones & Paulhus, 2014), narcissicim ( Paulhus, 2014) and psychopathy (Jones & Paulhus, 2011) - commonly referred to as the Dark Triad (Paulhus & Williams, 2002).  More recently, scholars have begun to investigate the relationship between sadism and online trolling (Vaillancourt, & Arnocky, 2019) - known as the Dark Tetrad. Sadism means deriving pleasure from inflicting pain, which has generated the broadest consensus (Vaillancourt, & Arnocky, 2019).

More recent studies have found a link between malevolent trolling, sadism, and high-self esteem. Sadism is characterised by enjoyment of physically and/or psychologically harming other people.  Findings show that the more somebody enjoys hurting others, the more likely it is they will troll. Therefore, although self-esteem was not an independent predictor of trolling, self-esteem interacts with sadism. So, if a person had high levels of sadism and high self-esteem, they were more likely to troll.

What to do with this information?

The results have important implications for how we manage and respond to trolling. Based on the review of psychopathy and sadism, we understand that the internet troll as someone who is callous, lacks a sense of personal responsibility and enjoys causing others harm. The significance of psychopathy in the results also indicates trolls have low ‘violence inhibition mechanism (VIM)’, particularly when it comes to their ability to experience and understand other people’s emotions. In addition to this, the findings also suggest the more someone enjoys hurting others the better they feel about themselves and their trolling behaviours.

• Don’t react immediately, and out of anger or frustration
• Seek advice to deal with the psychological impact of trolling 
• Don’t respond in an aggressive manner
• Don’t respond to trolls - this is like feeding them as it is exactly what they are looking for. Their power lies in the reactions they cause
• Talk about it to somebody you trust - victims of this type of behaviour “crime” report the benefits gained from social support
• Keep a record of the events
• Join the Issues@Work Clinic to gain further support
• Remember that it is not your fault - nobody deserves to be bullied
• Report it to the social media platform. We are aware that some sites are not proactive in taking action against this type bullying
• Report it to the Police by calling 101
• Consult the Online Safety Bill for more detailed information about what counts as bullying, particularly digital forms.

References

Davis, A. C., Visser, B. A., Volk, A. A., Vaillancourt, T., & Arnocky, S. (2019). The relations between life history strategy and dark personality traits among young adults. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 5(2), 166-177.

Gylfason, H. F., Sveinsdottir, A. H., Vésteinsdóttir, V., & Sigurvinsdottir, R. (2021). Haters Gonna Hate, Trolls Gonna Troll: The Personality Profile of a Facebook Troll. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(11),

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.

Law Commission (UK), Abusive and Offensive Online Communications: A Scoping Report, November 2018, available at: https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lawcom-prod-storage- 11jsxou24uy7q/uploads/2018/10/6_5039_LC_Online_Comms_Report_FINAL_291018_WEB.pdf

Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measures of dark personalities. In Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562-594). Academic Press.

Disclaimer: The content generated on this blog is for information purposes only. This Article gives the views and opinions of the authors.

Dr Michelle Hunter-Hill is a Chartered Psychologist, Behavioural Scientist and Coach who specialises in advising on trolling, and the psychological safety of workers/contributors in various occupational settings (offices, remote-working, on screen, on track/field/pitch). Dr Hunter-Hill creates psychometric profiles (assessments) of trolls/digital bullies, and deviant types such as narcissistic leaders, extreme risk takers and more. Dr Hunter-Hill runs the Issues@Work Clinic, and The Psychometrics Cafe’. Dr Hunter-Hill is Director of the MSc Occupational and Business Psychology programme at University of Roehampton.

Dr Michelle Hunter-Hill, Chartered Psychologist discusses the behaviour and impact of online trolls, and offers suggestions on how to tackle it.

What are trolls made of? Definitely NOT sugar, spice and all things nice. Trolls are mythical beasts that plague social media platforms (Forbes, 2020). They are somewhat unstoppable and deliberate in their efforts to target and post inflammatory, derogatory or provocative messages about their victims on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. A troll’s core aim is to cause defamatory and psychological damage to their victims. Research into trolling behaviour, consistently shows that personality plays a huge role in their bullying behaviour. Personality traits such as narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism (which make up what is known as the “Dark Tetrad”) are common amongst trolls.

Despite that mentioned above, trolling impacts victims differently. While some victims are severely impacted and report feeling distressed, depressed and anxious, others show high levels of resilience and do not let it bother them. In as much as we can choose how we respond to harmful stimuli, it is fair to say that much of these differences in our response style can be attributed to personality and other, dispositional, and situational factors. Therefore, understanding what constitutes trolling, and how victims respond to it is now more important than ever as this behaviour increases.

The core questions that need answering include: what can individuals do to protect themselves from being trolled, particuarly the impact? What can leaders/organisations do to protect those who are likely to be impacted by trolling in their care? Every week, at the Issues@Work Clinic, run by Dr Hunter-Hill, we help clients to deal with this type of victimisation through the provision of advice, resilience coaching and training. Ensuring psychological safety and mental wellness is a core priority at the Practice.

In this digital age, arguably we have the privilege of being able  to access information about most things at the tip of our fingertips. Spending much time online is a modern-day reality. However, information online is being used for benign as well as malign purposes. For example, trolling encompasses any form of bullying behaviour that takes place online, through smartphones, tablets, or computers. It can be through public messages, posts, photographs or groups, via social media, networking apps, gaming sites, chat rooms, or video sharing platforms. Unlike bullying in-person, online bullying can happen anytime, anywhere. Such behaviours can have a huge psychological impact, leaving victims feeling on edge and under attack at all times, as they never know when or where the next message will come. 

Contrary to the popular belief that in-person bullying is more serious than that of digital bullying, research studies are beginning to show a very different perspective. Digital bullying can be a persistent, hard-to-spot form of bullying that appears to be boundaryless. Unlike other types of bullying, it can happen anytime, anywhere - surprisingly even in the safety of your own home.  In the case of in-person bullying, victims are aware of the who their bully is - or bullies are. On the other hand, digital bullies have an extra advantage: the internet provides them with an extra layer of anonymity. 

These types of bullies can mask their identity behind pseudonyms and fake profile pictures. Besides, digital bullies tend to be more detached from their actions, and the consequences of such actions. It diminishes bullies responsibilities and reduces the fear of being caught. Therefore, victims are unaware of the identity of their bullies, which lessens the chance of them being caught and made accountable for their actions. Nonetheless, cyber/digital bullying can be traced as there is often some form of a “paper trail” where negative comments/threats can be viewed.

Online/digital bullying is considered more subtle than physical bullying. Because of what is referred to as ‘online disinhibition effect’, similar to psychopaths digital bullies feel little remorse. The online disinhibition effect concerns the lack of restraint one feels when communicating online as oppossed to in-person. People feel comfortable communicating their views because they have they can remain completely anonymous. Nonetheless, the inappropriate and antisocial behaviours trolls employ online to strengthen their attacks, such as the use of hostile language and threats can still severely impact their victims, because the comments are 'real' irrespective of the author being unidentifiable. However, in people tend to behave differently online to how they behave in real life, including the decision to troll, and equally the decision to report the crime.

The psychological impact of digital bullying can lead to poor mental health, low self-esteem, negative self-concept  and a barrage of other psychological problems. Our digital footprint appears to be available online forever, making it difficult to remove the harsh comments or footage that has been uploaded, in most cases to damage the reputation of an individual. This can cause an undue amount of stress, which due to its predominately psychological impact, may be difficult to detect, causing further and prolonged stress.

Unfortunately, the responsibility of tackling this trolling problem falls on the victims - those who are being impacted are expected to act first, rather than the platforms or communities as a whole standing up to protect and defend users. In saying this, a new Online Safety Bill has recently been proposed, which aims to impose a duty of care on tech companies to protect users from harmful content, at the risk of a substantial fine brought by Ofcom, the communications industry regulator implementing the act. As with most new interventions, we will have to wait to observe the impact of this Bill, as there is no guarantee that it will prevent trolling or digital bullying.

In the meantime, if we as as a society, employees, citizen, groups, teams, and individuals, could see it as our social responsibility to work together to raise awareness of digital bullying, and tackle the issue collectively, that would be a worthy contribution. For example, while some companies refrain from seeing trolling as a key priority on their agenda, other companies recognise the impact of such behaviours on the individual, and have spearheaded many creative initiatives to raise awareness and tackle this. 

What to do if you become a victim of digital bullying:

• Don’t respond to trolls - this is like feeding them as it is exactly what they are looking for. Their power lies in the reactions they cause.
• Talk about it to somebody you trust - victims of this type of behaviour “crime” report the benefits gained from social support
• Keep a record of the events
• Join the Issues@Work Clinic to gain further support
• Remember that it is not your fault - nobody deserves to be bullied
• Report it to the social media platform. We are aware that some sites are not proactive in taking action against this type bullying
• Report it to the Police by calling 101
• Consult the Online Safety Bill for more detailed information about what counts as bullying, particularly digital forms.

What should organisations do to protect you from digital bullying?

• Assess your psychological fitness for the role, particularly in the case of contributors
• Provide an effective aftercare service so that any harm caused to contributors can monitored, tracked and addressed.
• Build resilience amongst contributors via coaching and training
• Discover more about personality and individual differences to understand the behaviour of trolls, and how they might impact different types of people.

 Disclaimer: The content generated on this blog is for information purposes only. This Article gives the views and opinions of the authors.

Dr Michelle Hunter-Hill is a Chartered Psychologist, Behavioural Scientist and Coach who specialises in advising on trolling, and the psychological safety of workers/contributors in various occupational settings (offices, remote-working, on screen, on track/field/pitch). Dr Hunter-Hill creates psychometric profiles (assessments) of trolls/digital bullies, and deviant types such as narcissistic leaders, extreme risk takers and more. Dr Hunter-Hill runs the Issues@Work Clinic, and The Psychometrics Cafe’. Dr Hunter-Hill is Director of the MSc Occupational and Business Psychology programme at University of Roehampton.